Mechanism of influenza vaccine activating protective immune response

July 02, 2021

Studies have shown that after vaccination with seasonal influenza, certain T cells in the blood are stimulated to provide a protective antibody response. Antibodies are produced by specific white blood cells or B cells. Another type of white blood cells—helper T cells—is necessary for the production of B cells.

The analysis showed that a unique subset of helper T cells express the costimulatory molecule ICOS by helping B cells to produce influenza-specific antibodies to temporarily stimulate the immune response. In all groups, the contribution of T cells to the development of the immune response was obvious at 7 days of influenza vaccination. Except for the H1N1 porcine-derived H1N1 virus in children, T cells were positively correlated with an increase in antibodies against each influenza virus strain.

Lead researcher Emilio Flano explained that because the antibody response induced by the seasonal Influenza Vaccine is mainly through the response of awakening the immune system, this lack of correlation between T cells and the children's group of H1N1 viruses from pigs may reflect the lack of type A in some children H1N1 influenza specific immunity. This is in line with the fact that these children have not been vaccinated or naturally exposed to the H1N1 virus before vaccinating before winter.

Further experiments have shown that this unique subset of helper T cells can increase the production of existing antibodies to stimulate memory B cells to fight influenza, but is not conducive to the production of new antibodies by naive B cells. New research reveals important activities of the immune response after seasonal influenza vaccination, and understanding these processes is key to developing more effective Vaccines.

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